Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a complex condition caused by compression of nerves or blood vessels in the anatomical passage between the neck and shoulder. Because symptoms can be intermittent, position-dependent and similar to those of other musculoskeletal or neurological disorders, TOS can be difficult to recognize. When vascular involvement is suspected, functional and positional…

The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is an established, non-invasive parameter used to assess arterial perfusion of the lower extremities and support the detection of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). Traditionally, ABI is measured manually using blood pressure cuffs and Doppler ultrasound. The modern oscillometric approach uses an automated system to record pressure oscillations at multiple extremities simultaneously.…

Venous diseases are among the most common vascular disorders worldwide, affecting millions of people and significantly impacting quality of life. Symptoms such as heavy legs, swelling, varicose veins, skin changes, and venous ulcers often result from impaired venous return caused by chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Early assessment of venous function plays a key role in…

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a leading cause of impaired circulation and can significantly increase the risk of chronic wounds, critical limb ischemia and amputation if left undetected. While the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is the standard screening method for PAD, it has limitations—particularly in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease or medial arterial calcification. In…

Many people are familiar with cold hands during winter. However, when fingers suddenly turn white, blue and then red, it may be a sign of Raynaud’s Syndrome – a condition that affects blood flow to the extremities. In most cases, Raynaud’s Syndrome is harmless and manageable. In some patients, however, it can be an indicator…

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a complex condition that occurs when nerves or blood vessels are compressed in the space between the collarbone and the first rib. Although relatively uncommon, TOS can significantly affect quality of life and is often difficult to recognize due to its wide range of symptoms. Because symptoms frequently resemble musculoskeletal…